Superorder Dictyoptera, Roaches and Mantids

Dictyoptera means network wings, referring to the visible network of veins present in the wings of this order. The superorder Dictyoptera includes orders of insects related by evolution and features: Blattodea (sometimes called Blattaria), the cockroaches, and Mantodea, the mantids. That being said, the world of science is ever-evolving, and taxonomy is no exception. This branch of the insect taxonomic tree is currently under revision. Some insect taxonomists also group termites in the superorder Dictyoptera. In some entomology references, the Dictyoptera may be ranked at the order level, with the mantids and roaches listed as suborders. Description: Perhaps no other pairing of insects seems as unlikely as cockroaches and mantids of the order Dictyoptera. Cockroaches are almost universally reviled, while mantids, also called praying mantises, are often revered. Taxonomists rely only on physical and functional characteristics to determine groups of like insects, however. Compare a cockroach and a mantid, and youll notice both have leathery forewings. Called tegmina, these wings are held like a roof over the abdomen. Roaches and mantids have long and spiny middle and hind legs. Their feet, or tarsi, nearly always have five segments. Dictyopterans use chewing mouthparts to consume their food, and have long, segmented antennae. Both cockroaches and mantids also share a few anatomical features that you would only see through close examination and dissection, but theyre important clues to establishing the relationship between these seemingly different insect groups. Insects have a platelike sternite near the end of their abdomens, under the genitalia, and in the Dictyoptera, this genital plate is enlarged. Roaches and mantids also share a special digestive system structure. Between the foregut and midgut, they have a gizzard-like structure called a  proventriculus, and in the Dictyoptera the  proventriculus has internal teeth that break down solid bits of food before sending them along the alimentary canal. Finally, in roaches and mantids, the tentorium – a skull-like structure in the head that cradles the brain and gives the head capsule its form – is perforated. Members of this order undergo incomplete or simple metamorphosis with three stages of development: egg, nymph, and adult. The female lays eggs in groups, then encases them in foam which hardens into a protective capsule, or ootheca. Habitat and Distribution: The superorder Dictyoptera contains nearly 6,000 species, distributed worldwide. Most species live in terrestrial habitats in the tropics. Major Families in the Superorder: Blattidae - Oriental and American cockroachesBlattellidae- German and wood cockroachesPolyphagidae - desert cockroachesBlaberidae - giant cockroachesMantidae - mantids Dictyopterans of Interest: Blatta orientalis, the Oriental cockroach, gains access to homes through plumbing pipes.The brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa, is called the TV roach. It likes to hide inside warm electronic appliances.Brown-hooded cockroaches (Cryptocercus punctulatus) live in family groups. Females give birth to live young; the nymphs take 6 years to reach maturity.The Mediterranean mantid takes its scientific name, Iris oratoria from an unusual marking on the underside of its wing. Literally, the name means talking eye, a smart description of the eyespot which is displayed when the mantid feels threatened. Sources: Dictyoptera, Kendall Bioresearch Services. Accessed online March 19, 2008.Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America, by Eric R. Eaton Kenn KaufmanDictyoptera, Tree of Life Web. Accessed online March 19, 2008.Evolution of the Insects, by David Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel.External Anatomy - The Insects Head, by John R. Meyer, North Carolina State University Department of Entomology. Accessed online November 9, 2015.Unlikely Sisters – Roaches and  Mantises, by Nancy Miorelli, Ask an Entomologist website. Accessed online November 9, 2015.

Net Present Value/Present Value Index - 2559 Words

Net Present Value/Present Value Index The management team at Savage Corporation is evaluating two alternative capital investment opportunities. The first alternative, modernizing the company’s current machinery, costs $45,000. Management estimates the modernization project will reduce annual net cash outflows by $12,500 per year for the next five years. The second alternative, purchasing a new machine, costs $56,500. The new machine is expected to have a five-year useful life and a $4,000 salvage value. Management estimates the new machine will generate cash inflows of $15,000 per year. Savage’s cost of capital is 10%. Required a. Determine the present value of the cash flow savings expected from the modernization†¦show more content†¦Indicate whether the investment opportunity should be accepted. The Internal Rate of Return appears to be higher than the established investment opportunity hurdle rate of 15 percent therefore it would be a good idea to accept this investment opportunity. Exercise 24-6A Determining net present value Travis Vintor is seeking part-time employment while he attends school. He is considering purchasing technical equipment that will enable him to start a small training services company that will offer tutorial services over the Internet. Travis expects demand for the service to grow rapidly in the first two years of operation as customers learn about the availability of the Internet assistance. Thereafter, he expects demand to stabilize. The following table presents the expected cash flows. Year of Operation Cash Inflow Cash Outflow 2006 $5,400 $3,600 2007 7,800 4,800 2008 8,400 5,040 2009 8,400 5,040 In addition to these cash flows, Mr. Vintor expects to pay $8,400 for the equipment. 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Read MoreCash Flow Per Period Of A Project790 Words   |  4 Pagesuneven, we need to calculate the cumulative net cash flow for each period and then use the following formula for payback period: Payback Period = A + B C In the above formula, A is the last period with a negative cumulative cash flow; B is the absolute value of cumulative cash flow at the end of the period A; C is the total cash flow during the period after A Profitability Index is an investment appraisal technique calculated by dividing the present value of future cash flows of a project by the initialRead MoreManagerial Economics in Coca Cola1185 Words   |  5 Pages1-Pay back period 2-Net present value 3-Internal rate of return 4-Profitability index These method are explained below, 1-PAY BACK PERIOD: Payback period is the exect length of time needed to recover the intial investment of the firm as calculated from the cash inflows. 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Nursing Case Study Of Aggressive Prostate Cancer Patient - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Nursing Case Study of Aggressive Prostate Cancer Patient. Answer: Introduction: The nursing profession entails caring for individuals, their family and even communities in order to achieve, maintain or recover mental and physical well being and quality of life. It also includes promoting well being, preventing illness, and caring for the ill, disabled or dying individuals (who.int, 2018). Nursing philosophy therefore is based on several ethical axioms that ensure respect to human rights (icn.ch, 2018). The ethical codes include: beneficence, non-malfeasance, fidelity, autonomy, justice and integrity (Shahriari, Bahrami, Abbaszadeh Bahrami, 2018). Several dilemmas are caused while trying to maintain the ethical code of conduct in nursing, and can include issues related to informed consent, disclosure of medical conditions and incompetence among peers (Cherry Jacob, 2016; Zahedi et al., 2013). Jie (2015) pointed out that nowadays, nurses face an increased number of situations of moral dilemma, and this is especially while caring for terminal patients. Gibbs Model: Description of scenario The patient Mr X (name withheld to protect patients privacy) is a 60 year old gentleman suffering from aggressive prostate cancer, and was being treated in the oncology department of a general hospital in Malaysia. The diagnosis was done 5 years ago, however the patient chose to opt for alternative treatment, and refused medical or surgical intervention. The patient also did not follow up with any urologist over the last five years and currently the patient has been diagnosed of anaemia and hypoproteinemia. Subsequent diagnostics showed the local spread of the cancer to the lymph nodes and metastasis to the bones, while the primary tumour invaded the bladder, partially blocking the left kidney. Over the last 3 months, Mr X was admitted repeatedly to the hospital, that last admission was after a cystectomy that showed more extensive growth of the tumour, after which further surgical and medical treatment was deemed inappropriate, and the patient was recommended palliative care. After this, the patient resigned to the fact that he was about to die, and confided in me about his wish to kill himself, and stop his suffering, and requested me not to divulge this to anyone else. However, upon serious consideration of the request, and its consequences, I had to report this incident to my supervisors, after which intervention was planned for the patient, to help him overcome his emotional trauma. He was provided palliative care, and stopped showing any signs of suicide attempt. He passed away peacefully after 2 days of being discharged, in the midst of his family and friends. Feelings in the scenario: This was a difficult situation for me, since fulfilling the patients wish and being silent of his plan to end his own life had a serious ethical conundrum. As per Beauchamp Walters (1982), ethical dilemma is a situation where an individual has to choose between mutually exclusive alternatives, while Chally Loriz (1998) suggested that ethical dilemmas occurs while choosing between two or more, morally correct but mutually exclusive issues. In the scenario described above, my moral dilemma was due to conflicting moral principles. One that dictates respect for beneficence and autonomy of patients decisions, and other that emphasizes on non beneficence, fidelity and integrity. Respecting the wish of the patient not to divulge his plan of suicide would be in agreement to the principles of autonomy (respecting patients wishes) and beneficence (as the patient feels his suffering can be stopped only with his death). However, doing so will also jeopardize the principles of Non-Malfeasance (ensuring no ham is done to the patient, either intentionally or unintentionally), fidelity (maintaining the virtue of caring) and integrity (ensuring ethical practice is maintained in nursing care). Also, divulging the wish of the patient can have judiciary implications, as it can lead to discrimination of the patient, and breach his trust and confidentiality (Kelley et al., 2015; Saunders, 2017). Evaluation of the experience: Ethical dilemmas can be caused due to logical incompatibility between two opposing principles, especially in moral situations, where two different principles are applicable, but following one principle can cause violation of the other. Effectively, regardless of the choice, one moral principle will be violated (Ganz, Wagner Toren, 2015; Christensen et al., 2014). This justified the evaluation and prioritization of the conflicting principles, trying to understand which principle should take precedence over other, and following that. The preference will be given as per action that can have most benefit and least harm for the patient. Since obeying the patients wishes would have resulted in the patient attempting suicide, and thus risking his life, while not doing so would mean breach of trust, confidentiality as well as show disrespect to patient autonomy, but would not cause loss of life, I decided to respect the principle of non malefiscence. Furthermore, it also was in accordance w ith my principles of integrity of ensuring care being provided to the patient, and reports any situation that can lead to the harm of the patient. Analysis of the situation: A good action is one that can minimise suffering and maximise well being. This axiom is a part of the utilitarian principle, and is fundamental to ethics, and dictates that morally correct action should have the best outcome for the most number of people (de Lazari-Rad Singer, 2017; Felzmann, 2017). In my scenario, choosing to report the incident to the authorities would not only prevent the patient from harming himself, but also protect the concerns of the patients family and also prevent jeopardy to the healthcare staff (in the event of patient committing suicide in the hospital premise). This can be justified by the consideration on how suicide can have negative impact on family and healthcare staff, and can cause a sense of guilt, shame or upset (Peters et al., 2016; Pitman et al., 2014). Therefore my analysis considered it morally wrong to keep the patients intent a secret. Conclusion: Incidents of patients attempting to harm themselves or end their lives are becoming increasingly common in nursing practice (Jie, 2015). This necessitates critical analysis of the ethical dilemmas posed by such situations. Since nurses have an ethical and moral responsibility of providing care for the sick, disabled and elderly, any moral and ethical challenges to the providence of proper care should be studied. Action Plan: The action plan that I followed in this scenario was to repost the incident to my supervisors, which allowed the prompt implementation of an intervention to help the patient. The effectiveness of the intervention was exhibited by the patient finally deciding not to attempt suicide, and was subsequently discharged. References: Beauchamp, T. L., Walters, L. (1982). Contemporary issues in bioethics. Chally, P. S., Loriz, L. (1998). Ethics in the trenches: Decision making in practice.AJN The American Journal of Nursing,98(6), 17-20. Cherry, B., Jacob, S. R. (2016).Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends, management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Christensen, J. F., Flexas, A., Calabrese, M., Gut, N. K., Gomila, A. (2014). Moral judgment reloaded: a moral dilemma validation study.Frontiers in psychology,5, 607. de Lazari-Radek, K., Singer, P. (2017).Utilitarianism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. Felzmann, H. (2017). Utilitarianism as an Approach to Ethical Decision Making in Health Care. InKey Concepts and Issues in Nursing Ethics(pp. 29-41). Springer, Cham. Ganz, F. D., Wagner, N., Toren, O. (2015). Nurse middle manager ethical dilemmas and moral distress.Nursing ethics,22(1), 43-51. icn.ch. (2018).Code of Ethics for Nurses.Icn.ch. Retrieved 6 February 2018, from https://www.icn.ch/who-we-are/code-of-ethics-for-nurses/ Jie, L. (2015). The patient suicide attempt An ethical dilemma case study.International Journal Of Nursing Sciences,2(4), 408-413. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2015.01.013 Kelley, M., James, C., Alessi Kraft, S., Korngiebel, D., Wijangco, I., Rosenthal, E., ... Lee, S. S. J. (2015). Patient perspectives on the learning health system: The importance of trust and shared decision making.The American Journal of Bioethics,15(9), 4-17. Peters, K., Cunningham, C., Murphy, G., Jackson, D. (2016). Helpful and unhelpful responses after suicide: Experiences of bereaved family members.International journal of mental health nursing,25(5), 418-425. Pitman, A., Osborn, D., King, M., Erlangsen, A. (2014). Effects of suicide bereavement on mental health and suicide risk.The Lancet Psychiatry,1(1), 86-94. Saunders, B. (2017). First, do no harm: Generalized procreative non?maleficence.Bioethics,31(7), 552-558. Shahriari, M., Bahrami, E., Abbaszadeh, A., Bahrami, M. (2018).Nursing ethical values and definitions: A literature review.PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved 6 February 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3748548/ who.int. (2018).Nursing.World Health Organization. Retrieved 6 February 2018, from https://www.who.int/topics/nursing/en/ Zahedi, F., Sanjari, M., Aala, M., Peymani, M., Aramesh, K., Parsapour, A. et al. (2013).The Code of Ethics for Nurses.PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved 6 February 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3712593/

On the Subway free essay sample

The poem On the Subway by Sharon Olds plays off its title to convey a sense of uncertainty, dread, fear, and urban tension. The poem itself details the feelings experienced by the speaker as she sits on the subway, though the subway itself is not mentioned in the poem itself. The situation is set by the title, and this makes all that follows clear as far as its meaning is concerned. The poet creates a dramatic situation through the eyes of one participant, and while nothing really happens beyond two people observing one another, the poem says much about urban life, racial relations, and accompanying fears. The poet attempts to lay bare the similarities and differences between the life of a Caucasian person and that of an African American person by contrasting two people of this description through the poem. Using a vast array of poetic devices, imagery and traditional racial stereotypes; the poet develops the insight into the connections, separations, needs and wants of these two societal entities. We will write a custom essay sample on On the Subway or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is where the sociological lens comes into play, where the differences of society affect our daily lives. The poet utilizes a lot of imagery in the poem, most vividly dark and light as well as animal imagery to contrast her two characters. With the two lines in black sneakers laced with white (line 2-3) and I am wearing dark fur, (line 11); poet shows that each of them, although they have different skin pigments, contain aspects of dark and light. This is very significant, as it reinforces the fact that the race is merely skin color, and that underneath all of this we are all the same, although the poet takes it further than this, showing aspects of dark and light in what they are wearing on the outside. The poet insinuates through this comparison that not only are we the same on the inside, but each of us strives for a small aspect of the other world. The boys white lace and the speakers fur coat represent the struggle for equilibrium between these aspects. The poet uses a lot of animal imagery as well, to describe the two characters, and to dig down and show the primitive nature and similarities of the two people. The line He is wearing Red, like the inside of the body exposed. I am wearing dark fur, the whole skin of an animal taken and used, (line 9-13) shows that the boy represents the inside of an animal, and the speaker represents the outside. This is used by the poet to enforce the idea that each character is only part of the puzzle. Without skin, an animal would die, but without insides, an animal would never live. The poet uses animal imagery in the poem On the Subway to show the deep connection between the speaker and the boy. The tone shifts at the end of the poem. Here, it is clear that the speaker is trying to gain an understanding of the relationship between the white world and that of the black boy. At first, she realized that they are different because he is black and I am white (line 21-22). The image of the black cotton (line 25) alludes to slavery, again referring to the scars, or distinctions, imposed by white society. Aside from the various connections established by the poet between the boy and the speaker, the poet utilizes a lot of racial stereotypes to show the distance between the characters who exists despite the close ties and connection that they share. Lines such as he has the casual look of a mugger (line 7-8) and He could take my coat so easily (line 16) develop the psyche of the speaker and her instant fear of the boy due to the color of his skin. This helps to develop the theme of the ridiculousness of racism. People should not have all of these preconceived notions of people based on the color of their skin. This is especially important to look at, because of Sharon Olds being an American poet. American society is one of many races and nationalities, but a rift has always existed between the African American and Caucasian populations, dating back to slavery. For American society to flourish, black and white people must become as one, as each can gain or lose from the other. Just as the parts of an animal, African American and Caucasian people in American society must function together in order for the body of society to work together properly. This is the main idea conveyed by Sharon Olds in her poem On the Subway.

Mergers Acquisitions (MA) 1980s-1990s free essay sample

Aims, types (friendly vs. hostile), examples, financing, third-party, regulations, globalization, govt. intervention, impact on stocks. Following a growth through acquisition strategy is not a new way for companies to increase their market presence. While open competition is one way for companies to gain market share and increase profit, eliminating competition through acquisition is a time-honored method for achieving the same goal. During the 1980s, mergers and acquisitions were characterized by companies raiding otherwise profitable organizations, then selling off the newly acquired company for ready cash. The result was an increase in profits to the acquiring company, but, in many cases, companies were unduly closed down, eliminating jobs and contributions to the economy. This research examines the mergers and acquisitions market, including past actions, current proposals, defenses that companies can mount to avoid hostile acquisition, and considers

Newtons Second Law Coursework Essays

Newtons Second Law Coursework Essays Newtons Second Law Coursework Essay Newtons Second Law Coursework Essay Isaac Newtons second Law of Motion states that, Force = Mass x Acceleration. For this project I intend to prove or disprove this theory. The fact that the Law has survived 300 years of evolving science provides much of the needed evidence that the Law is truthful and works but I will do the experiment to determine my own set of results.I hope to answer the question:Is there a link between mass and acceleration ?Newtons Second LawNewtons Second Law is a way of finding the force that is acting on a certain object by using the known mass of the object and the projected acceleration and that the mass is inversely proportional to the acceleration.For example, A bus keeps going forward because the forces of acceleration and friction are unbalanced but as soon as these forces become balanced than the bus will keep a steady speed. It is this that I am going to investigate.The Law can be tested quite easily by using a simple test, involving a trolley, a ramp and some weights. The experiment i s explained below.Input VariableI will be using Force as the input variable for this experiment. I will change the force with which the trolley will be pulled down the ramp with and will see what affect this has on the acceleration.Output VariableI will be measuring the accelleration of the trolley as it runs down the ramp. I will compare this to the mass and then I will see if there is any connection and if the law does actually work.PlanThe object I intend to use as the mass is a three-wheeled trolley. I will measure the trolleys mass before using it in the experiment. I will use a 2 metre long runway to measure the acceleration of the trolley. The runway will be slightly elevated so that the amount of friction that is acting on the trolley will be at a minimum. To combat the friction when the string and weights are pulling the trolley down the ramp, I will use a pulley to make sure as little friction as possible will occur. I will also have the ramp at an angle which will produce as little friction as possible. This is important because if I didnt do this then the friction that would occur would slow down the trolley and I would get anomalous results. I will use differing amounts of weights to pull the trolley down the runway. We are planning to do 5 experiments, each with a different force. The first will have a resultant force of 1 Newton, the second will have a force of 2 Newtons and so on. To measure the rate of acceleration we will use a ticker timer. This will record accurately the increase in velocity and then using either 5 or 10 tick lengths we can work out the recorded acceleration and compare it to the projected acceleration that we have worked out using Newtons second Law. The experiment will be set up as shown belowTicker Timer Ticker Tape Trolley Ramp PulleyI think that this is the best way to perform this experiment because if you did it, as some of the class did, by pulling the trolley using a force meter, then it would be quite difficult to pull the trolley at a steady force and so would not get such accurate readings.To work out the results I will use the formula, Acceleration = Force A= FMass MOrOutput = InputVariableIt is easier for a smaller, lighter object to be moved rather than a larger heavier object. For a small object, with a smaller mass to accelerate at the same speed as a larger object with a larger mass, the force would need to be increased with the size of the object. In this experiment, though, the force will be constant, as the variable being changed is mass, therefore, the acceleration will decrease as the mass increases.A list of the equipment I will need is shown below:1. A Trolley2. A Two Metre long ramp3. A Ticker Timer4. Ticker Tape5. A Pulley so when we let the weights drop there will be as little friction as possible.6. String7. 5x 1Newton weightsWe will measure the acceleration caused by a certain weight three times to make sure we get the right results.The Variables* Mass* Acceleration* For ce* FrictionSee page one for variables being tested.How to make it a fair testTo make the experiment fair, the only variable that I will change is the amount of weight that is used to pull the trolley down the runway. All the other components i.e. length of string, height of runway, and stated variables will be kept the same.PredictionBased on the results that we obtained when we used Newtons Theory to work out the projected accelerations for each different weight, I would say that the more weight that is applied to pull the trolley down the ramp the more the trolley will accelerate. This is because the trolley has an unbalanced force which means it will accelerate. The object will continue to accelerate until the forces (gravity and friction) are balanced at which time it will keep travelling at a constant force (speed) until the forces become unbalanced again which will make the trolley slow down.Following the theory that the mass is inversely proportional to the acceleration, I predict that when all the results have been calculated, and placed on a graph, it will look similar to the following:As the mass increases, theAcceleration increases and as theMass decreases, the accelerationAcceleration decreases.massSafetyWhen performing the experiments there are going to be a lot of loose wires from the ticker timer, the power pack etc. I will have to make sure that these are kept well out of the way and will not harm anyone. The use of weights could be a hazard so they will have to be handled properly and not thrown or dropped anywhere near peoples feet or hands. Because we are using a 2 metre long ramp, it will be too long to fit on a desk, I will have to find a suitable place to put this otherwise people will hurt themselves on the protruding end of it.ResultsThis is a table of my groups resultsForce (Newtons)Mass (g)Theoretical AccelerationRecorded Acceleration (m/s/s )11721.50.58 m/s/s0.36010.58 m/s/s0.38010.58 m/s/s0.31021821.51.097 m/s/s0.81121.097 m/s/s0. 70221.097 m/s/s0.70531921.51.561 m/s/s1.20831.561 m/s/s1.19831.561 m/s/s1.21142021.51.979 m/s/s1.33041.979 m/s/s1.30141.979 m/s/s1.32652121.52.356 m/s/s1.48052.356 m/s/s1.56052.356 m/s/s1.534My results are highlighted in redBelow is a graph of my results. I have used averages of the 3 recorded acceleration in the graph.

Law Sociology Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Law Sociology - Case Study Example However, a warning has to be made on the public speaking system to ensure that no people are present when the sluice gates are opened and the water rushes in a torrent. On the afternoon of June 23, 2002, this did not happen when the sluice gates were opened. As a result two people drowned and seven were bodily injured. The case came to trial in the Ontario Court of Justice in January 200. The two accused personnel, John Tammage and Robert Bednarek were accused of 'criminal negligence.' The trial was a lengthy one and took 75 days getting over in December 2006. Both the accused, John Tammage who was a part of the management team and an electrical engineer and, Robert Bednarek who worked in the electrical department as an operator, were acquitted of the negligence charges. The court ruled that the defendants did not have any motive and their actions were devoid of any criminal intent. 0.1 Analysis: The judgment ruled in favor of the big company and expectedly did not relieve the common people. This ties in with the differential social organization theory of Sutherland in 1938. The theory states that crime is backed by some organizations. In other words, it claims that crime is inherent in certain big firms. The higher authorities or government choose to ignore it or support it. Either way, crime benefits by garnering more support and voice. This theory can be further explained with reference to the securities industry. The securities industry expects a certain amount of fraud and theft to occur every year. The industry does not react to prevent such petty crimes and thus encourages crime to exist and flourish in society. This crime is organized within the industry. Sutherland adopted the concept of social disorganisation to explain the increases in crime that accompanied the transformation of preliterate and peasant societies where "influences surrounding a perso n were steady, uniform, harmonious and consistent" to modern Western civilisation which he believed was characterised by inconsistency, conflict and un-organization (1934: 64). He also believed that the mobility, economic competition and an individualistic ideology that accompanied capitalist and industrial development had been responsible for the disintegration of the large family and homogenous neighbourhoods as agents of social control. The failure of extended kin groups expanded the realm of relationships no longer controlled by the community and undermined governmental controls leading to persistent "systematic" crime and delinquency. He also believed that such disorganisation causes and reinforces the cultural traditions and cultural conflicts that support antisocial activity. The systematic quality of the behaviour was a reference to repetitive, patterned or organised offending as opposed to random events. He depicted the law-abiding culture as dominant and more extensive tha n alternative criminogenic cultural views and capable of overcoming systematic crime if organised for that purpose (1939: 8). But because society is organised around individual and small group interests, society permits crime to persist. Sutherland concluded that "if the society is organised with reference to the values expressed in the law, the crime is eliminated; if it is not organised, crime persists and develops (1939:8). Sutherland bases the theory on a few assumptions: 1. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process